HOW TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY

USE OF UNLEADED PETROL;-premature combustion of petrol in car engines result in knocking which causes loss in the power of the car.To prevent knocking,lead compounds such as tetra-ethyl lead is added to the fuel.however,during combustion,the lead compound react with other addictives in petrol to form a volatile lead halide which comes out of the car exhaust as smoke..lead is toxic,it causes anaemia,damages the nervous system and the kidney..thus it is therefore needed to use unleaded petrol to reduce the amount of toxic lead compound in the air..

INSTALLATION OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN CAR EXHAUST SYSTEM;-NO,CO and unburnt hydrocarbon present in car exhaust sysem makes it a major source of air pollutants.the installation of catalytic converter in the car exhaust system helps to reduce the emission of these pollutants..after installation of these converter..oxidation and reduction takes place.CO is oxidized to CO2..NO is reduced to N,unburnt hydrocarbon is oxidized to CO2 and H2O...The converter catalyst includes precious metal as RHODIUM,PLANTINUM[oxidation] and PALLADIUM..these catalyst are poisoned by lead..that is why it is essential to use UNLEADED PETROL..

DESULPHURIZATION OF FLUE GAS;-A major air pollutants is

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BORIFERROUS FUMAROLES

Super heated water emitted from boreholes in the ground in tuscany which have a temperature ranging from 150-260degree celsius and contains a relatively content of boric acid..Exploitation of a fumarole leads to product such as ELECTRICAL ENERGY,MECHANICAL ENERGY,BORIC ACIDS,AMMONIUM BICARBONATE,AMMONIUM SULPHATE,CARBONDIOXIDE,HYDROGEN,METHANE AND NOBLE GASES...

PROCESS

Natural vapour emerging from the wells[bore holes] is sent to heat exchanger E1 where pure steam is produced..The condensate obtained from the furnate vapour is first passed into the degassing column C2 which contains only Ammonia that is subsequently stripped out in the plate column C1..

The product from the top of C2 pass into the packed column C3 to

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PRODUCTION OF BORAX FROM SOLID ORES

The crush feed is dissolved in hot water,the siliceous gangue whch accompanies it is removed by thickening and filtration,after which the product is cropped by distillation and dried..In an attempt to obtain better borax yield and because of solubility and water conservation reasons,the process is operated in a cyclic manner..This leads to a build up of and the need to eliminate certain impurities some of which are water soluble..The ore is dissolved in a recycled weak hot mother liquor,the solution and suspended solid being passed through vbrating screens to remove the larger particle before the liquor is piped to the main gangue seperation stage which is a batttery of of six thickners.Hot dissolution is necessary because of the moderately low solubility of boraX,IN COLD WATER 5g at 20degree C rising to 191g at 100.In order to avoid pre-mature crystallization in pipe-lines and equipment,the liquors are maintained at around 100degree C during processing..This applies equally to

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PRODUCTION OF BORAX FROM LAKE BRINES

                                                   
A minor but significant proportion of North American borax production is from the brine of searle's lake,also situated in the mojave desert...This is a dry lake of about 34 square miles in area and has saturated brine[urea 35% solids] to within a few inches of the surface filling channels and voids  which occupy 40-50% of the cross-section effectively about 120 feeet thick but in two main layers..The brine is rich in soda,potash,sulphate and chloride but contains about 1.5-2% of B2O3[Equivalent to 5% Na2B4O7.10H2O]..In the main process operated by north american chemical CO in trona,the upper layer brine is pumped from wells and concentrated by evaporation ..Rapid cooling precipitates potassium chloride which is a valuable product with respect to borax which is

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OCTANE RATING OF GASOLINE

Scientists discovered that branched chain structure of hydrocarbon produced a very high performance..A compound known as iso--octane was discovered to be the best performance and was assigned a value of 100octane..
an unbranched compound known as heptane was found to cause a bad luck in engines and was given an octane rating of 0[zero].. A gasoline rated 90 was the one that performed the same way as 90percent iso--octane and 10 heptane..
it was also discovered that the octane rating can be improved by heating gasoline in the presence of catalyst such as sulphuric acid and ALCL3..the greater in the increase is attributed to conversion of some part of the unbranched to a highly branched.

octane boosters
To boost the ocatne rating of gasoline..substances

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FAQ IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY[1]

Nitrogen is one of the most abundant element on earth but plants are deficient of it..Explain?

Answer
Because it requires a high energy to break the
 bond present in the atom which will be available for plant use...

Why is it that valence electrons is considered in determining the geometry of a compound?

Answer
The valence electron pair surrounding an atom repels each other and therefore adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsion,thus determine the geometry..
   
How does lone pair of electron affect

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SEPERATION PROCESS OF CRUDE OIL BY DISTILLATION

Because crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different boiling temperatures,it can be seperated by distillation into groups of hydrocarbons that boils between two specified boiling points..Two types of distillation are performed

ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM

ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
It takes place in a distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure..The crude oil is heated to 350-400 degree C and the vapor and liquid are piped into the distilling column..the liquid falls to the bottom and the vapor rises,passing through a series of perforated trays[sieve trays]..Heavier hydrocarbons condense more quickly and settle on lower trays and lighter hydrocarbons remain as a vapor and condense on higher trays..

Liquid fractions are drawn

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PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR BY HYDROTREATING CRUDE OIL.

A number of contaminants are found in crude oil..As the fractions travel through the refinery processing units,these impurities can damage the equipment,the catalysts and the quality of the products..There are also legal limits on the contents of some impurities,like sulphur in products..

Hydrotreating is one way of removing many of the contaminants from many of the intermediate or final products..in the hydrotreating process,the entering feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and heated to 300-380degree celsius..the oil combined with the hydrogen then enters a reactor loaded with a catalyst which

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HOW LIVING ORGANISMS BECOME ORGANIC MATTER

Do you know that the production,accumulation and preservation of undegraded organic matters are perquisites for the existence of petroleum source rocks..Organic matter can be defined as material comprised of organic molecules in monomeric or polymeric form which are derived or inherited directly or indirectly from the organic parts of organisms,this definition excludes the skeletal parts like shell,bone and teeth  of course which are inorganic..

Organism dies,decay begins,complex molecules break down rapidly..A large part of living organisms are polymers such as cellulose,chitin,protein,sporopollenin....from bio-ploymers they all 

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PREPARATION OF STANDARD VITAMIN C CURVE

Place 100mg ascorbic acid in 100ml standard flask and make it up to the mark[1mg/ml],prepare the standard curve of the vitamin c by adding the required weight of the ascorbic acid to the extracting solvent to make 100ml..
Dilute 1ml of the standard mixture to 10ml with 4% TCA[trichloroacetic acid] solution..add 0.75g acid washed norit and shake vigorously and filter...place 2ml of each filtrate in two test tubes,add 1 drop of 10% thiourea solution and 0.5ml of 2.4--DNP[dinitrophenylbenzene] reagent.....place the two test tubes in a water bath at 37degree celcius for 3hours and then place it in a beaker of ice water ..then add 25ml of 98% tetraoxosulphate acid[H2SO4] in dops form the burette in 1 min...then take the absorbance after 30 minutes using jenway 6051 calorimeter..then plot the graph of absorbance against concentration to obtain standard ascorbic acid curve...

SAMPLE PREPARATION
Extract 2.0g of milled sample with 25ml of 0.1% oxalic acid,centrifuge the mixture and transfer the supernatant into a 50ml standard flask..wash the residue 2 times with 10ml of 1.0 oxalic acid,pool it together and make it up to 50ml mark with the extracting solvent..then follow the above outlined procedure and make triplicate analysis....

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