OCTANE RATING OF GASOLINE

Scientists discovered that branched chain structure of hydrocarbon produced a very high performance..A compound known as iso--octane was discovered to be the best performance and was assigned a value of 100octane..
an unbranched compound known as heptane was found to cause a bad luck in engines and was given an octane rating of 0[zero].. A gasoline rated 90 was the one that performed the same way as 90percent iso--octane and 10 heptane..
it was also discovered that the octane rating can be improved by heating gasoline in the presence of catalyst such as sulphuric acid and ALCL3..the greater in the increase is attributed to conversion of some part of the unbranched to a highly branched.

octane boosters
To boost the ocatne rating of gasoline..substances

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SEPERATION PROCESS OF CRUDE OIL BY DISTILLATION

Because crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different boiling temperatures,it can be seperated by distillation into groups of hydrocarbons that boils between two specified boiling points..Two types of distillation are performed

ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM

ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
It takes place in a distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure..The crude oil is heated to 350-400 degree C and the vapor and liquid are piped into the distilling column..the liquid falls to the bottom and the vapor rises,passing through a series of perforated trays[sieve trays]..Heavier hydrocarbons condense more quickly and settle on lower trays and lighter hydrocarbons remain as a vapor and condense on higher trays..

Liquid fractions are drawn

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PRODUCTION OF SULPHUR BY HYDROTREATING CRUDE OIL.

A number of contaminants are found in crude oil..As the fractions travel through the refinery processing units,these impurities can damage the equipment,the catalysts and the quality of the products..There are also legal limits on the contents of some impurities,like sulphur in products..

Hydrotreating is one way of removing many of the contaminants from many of the intermediate or final products..in the hydrotreating process,the entering feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and heated to 300-380degree celsius..the oil combined with the hydrogen then enters a reactor loaded with a catalyst which

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HOW LIVING ORGANISMS BECOME ORGANIC MATTER

Do you know that the production,accumulation and preservation of undegraded organic matters are perquisites for the existence of petroleum source rocks..Organic matter can be defined as material comprised of organic molecules in monomeric or polymeric form which are derived or inherited directly or indirectly from the organic parts of organisms,this definition excludes the skeletal parts like shell,bone and teeth  of course which are inorganic..

Organism dies,decay begins,complex molecules break down rapidly..A large part of living organisms are polymers such as cellulose,chitin,protein,sporopollenin....from bio-ploymers they all 

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SOIL POLLUTION.

It is the contamination of soil system by considerable quantities of chemicals or other substances resulting in the reduction of its fertility or productivity with respect to the qualitative and quantitative  yields of crops..some of the contaminants are such that if they are taken up by the plant with or without any visible detrimental effect on them and enter the food chain are capable of inducing toxic effect on consumers..Synthetic fertilizers are employed sometimes to increase soil fertility and enhanced productivity,however the soil enriched by chemical fertilizer cannot support microbia floras which helps in plant growth,the undesirable effect of using chemical fertilizers such as MPK FERTILIZER includes ''considerable reduction in protein content contents of crops grown such as wheat,maize and other cereals grown on crop,excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers leads to accumulation of nitrates in the soil which may contaminate ground water,the permissible nitrate level in drinking water is 45PPM,it mustn't exceed 90PPM in order to avoid diseases such as diarrheoa,methaemoglobinaemia,,so industrial chemists and people around,take measures to avoid soil pollution and let the world be a better place to live... 

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HUMAN BEINGS ARE THE SYSTEM SURROUNDING THE UNIVERSE

This is thermodynamics,a very peculiar topic in CHEMISTRY..The universe is composed of the system and the surrounding..The system can be any object[an engine or chemical cell] or quantity of matter selected for study which then becomes the surrounding..the system of interests in thermodynamics is finite and its said to attain a state of thermodynamic equilibrium when it shows no further tendency to change its properties with time..this shows why TIME is not a thermodynamic variable..The contact between a system and a surrounding depends on the nature of the system..The engine in the above bracket will have both thermal and mechanical contact while the cell will be the chemical contact..the surrounding which respond to such changes to occur in a system constitutes a big avenue for heat and work..The imaginary envelope which encloses a system and separates it from the surrounding is called the BOUNDARY and has the properties which serves either to isolate the system from the surrounding or provide for interaction in a specific way between the system and the surroundings...An ISOLATED system can exchange matter nor energy with the surrounding,if the exchange of matter and energy is allowed,the system is said to be OPEN and if the exchange of ENERGY ONLY is allowed,the system is said to be CLOSED and its mass remains constant..HEAT AND WORK are the forms by which energy can be transferred through the walls of a system...This is just the way the world is,human beings are like the system,anything you do affects the people around you and your surroundings.All i just have to say is NEVER CROSS YOUR BOUNDARY...

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PROCESSING OF PETROLEUM

Petroleum processing and refining involves a series of steps by which the original crude oil is converted into products with desired qualities in the amounts dictated by the market..The refining process depends on the chemical process of distillation[seperating liquids by their different boiling points] and catalysis[which speed up reaction rate] and uses the principle of chemical equilibra..chemical equilibra exits when the reactants in a reaction are producing products,but those products are being recombined again into reactants..by altering the reaction conditions,the amount of either products or reactants can be increased..refining is carried out in three main steps

STEP 1---->SEPERATION

The oil is seperated into

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HOW WE CAN MAINTAIN A GOOD ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION

The atmosphere provides materials for life processes on earth,it also serve as a transport medium which transfer water from ocean to land,it protects and prevent the earth from cosmic rays and filters out damaging ultra-violet radiation,prevents temperature extreme on earth and maintain heat balance.any major disturbances in the atmospheric composition either natural or anthropogenic[man made] activities may lead to disastrous consequences for life forms on earth..the atmospheric is a dynamic system which steadily absorbs various pollutants form natural and anthropogenic sources,thus acting as a NATURAL SINK..so what really causes the AIR POLLUTION is if pollutants enters the atmosphere at a faster rate than the SINK  of the atmosphere can absorb,then they gradually accumulate in the AIR..it is this POLLUTED AIR that adversely affects both plant and animal life..if you  always want fresh air in your environment,take necessary measures to avoid dispersion of pollutants into the air..

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HOW THE ELECTRIC PLUGS YOU USE AT HOME ARE MADE

 Those materials are made from urea formaldehyde also known as urea-methanal, named so for its common synthesis pathway..it is made from urea and formaldehyde heated in the presence of a mild base such as ammonia and pyridine,it is transparent and can be used for various translucent and transparent moulding due to their almost colourless nature..they are very good with alpha-cellulose fillers,they are less water and heat resistant than phenolic and melanine formaldehyde..its chemical structure is given below..

 

The production of this urea formaldehyde is then put into use by various industries to produce a great resin for bonding particleboard (61%), medium density fiberboard (27%), hardwood plywood (5%), laminating adhesive (7%) and also used in the production of electric plugs,switches and other household appliances..

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THERMAL POLLUTION

It is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant..Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical
interference.
Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research,manufacture and deployment.

Most types of pollution are linked and people all around the world need to make more careful choices about how they should live their lives to ensure that they are trying to prevent increasing pollution. To prevent pollution, it demands that people make changes in how they handle waste for example, or what kind of chemicals they are using for their soil, or how and where they are throwing garbage. People need to realize that their actions affect not only humans, but also plants and animals. People need to make sure that they maintain and preserve the natural balance of the planet.

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ASBESTOS AND ITS POISONOUS EFFECT

Asbestos is the name given to a number of naturally occurring fibrous minerals that are mined
for their useful properties such as thermal insulation, chemical and thermal stability,
and high tensile strength.
 Asbestos is a natural mineral that has long been praised for its fire and heat resistant fibers, and its subsequent usefulness in construction and other industrial efforts. Mined for its various beneficial properties, asbestos possesses a great tensile strength, strong thermal and chemical stability, and an unmatched ability to insulate.
The inhalation of asbestos fibers by anybody can cause serious diseases of the lungs and other organs that may not appear until years after the exposure has occurred. For instance, asbestosis can cause a buildup
of scar-like tissue in the lungs and result in loss of lung function that often progresses to disability and death.
Asbestos fibers associated with these health risks are too small to be seen with the naked eye, and smokers
are at higher risk of developing some asbestos-related
diseases.
Asbestos exposure can lead to diseases such as lung cancer, asbestosis (lung scarring), and mesothelioma (cancer of the lung cavity lining). There is a long latency period for these diseases..

SO PEOPLE BEWARE!!!!!!!!

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MORNING FOODS

At sunrise, the sun's rays first shine on the treetops. The fruits and nuts that grow on these trees are thus vitalized for nourishment as morning foods--they are energetically aligned with the body's morning nutritional needs. The nutrients available from the fruits and nuts that receive the sun's first rays are just the right nutrients for our bodies in the morning hours. Even the pH of our digestive system is correlated with these foods.

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POLYMER

They are materials that consist of repeated chemical units (`mers') joined together, like beads on a string. Some polymer molecules contain hundreds or thousands of monomers and are often called macromolecules.

Polymers may be natural, such as leather, rubber, cellulose or DNA, or synthetic, such as nylon or polyethylene.

Many of important current research problems and technological applications involve polymers. Living organisms are mainly composed of polymerized amino acids (proteins) nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), and other biopolymers. The most powerful computers - our brain - is also a rigid,complex and sound polymeric material..

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CRUDE OIL

Top 20 world producers of crude oil
RUSSIA-----SAUDI ARABIA----USA----IRAN----CHINA----MEXICO----CANADA----UNITED ARAB EMIRATES-----IRAQ-----KUWAIT---VENEZUELA-----NIGERIA----NORWAY---BRAZIL----ANGOLA----ALGERIA-----LIBYA----KAZAKHSTAN----UNITED KINGDOM----AZERBAIJAN.


Top 20 world consumers of crude oil
USA--CHINA---JAPAN---INDIA---RUSSIA---GERMANY---SOUTH KOREA---CANADA---BRAZIL-----SAUDI ARABIA----MEXICO---FRANCE---ITALY---U.K-----IRAN----SPAIN----INDONESIA----TAIWAN----NEITHERLANDS---AUSTRALIA...

Typical Products Made from a 42-Gallon Barrel of Refined Crude Oil
47% Gasoline
18% Other Products
10% Jet Fuel
3% Asphalt
4% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
23% Diesel Fuel & Heating Oil

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DO YOU KNOW WHERE THE KEROSENE,GREASE AND OTHER MATERIALS OF THIS KIND ARE GOTTEN FROM

IT IS FROM THE REFINING OF CRUDE OIL

crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon that can be seperated into different fractions..The basic concept used in refining crude oil is known as DISTILLATION which involves the volatility of the constituent.The higher the volatility,the lower the boiling point..i.e the most volatile compound in the crude oil will be collected first when crude oil is explored.it is brought and kept in a tank  with its protecters which are ozone depleters.The refinig process can be achieved through the following four processes...

FRACTIONATION; MAINLY DISTILLATION
CONVERSION PROCESS; IT INVOLVES THERMAL,CATALYTIC CRACKING AND ALKYLATION.
TREATMENT;WHEN PRODUCT ARE TREATED TO MEET  THE MARKET SATNDARD E.G ANTI KNOCKING PROCESS AND BRANCHING..WHERE UNDESIRABLE COMPOUNDS SUCH AS SULPHUR ARE REMOVED BY STREAM STRIPPING..
SUBSIDIARY SANCTIONING; IT INVOLVES THE BLENDING OF ALL INGREDIENTS THAT ARE GOING TO BE USEFUL  IN THE PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND LIFE STYLE..E.G BITUMEN CAN BE BLENDED WITH SOLVENT TO FORM A CATCH BACK GREASE..THIS IS DONE BY DISPERSING A THICKENING AGENT IN OIL..

THE TEMPERATURE
THE RATE OF HEAT
THE RATE OF COOLING
DURATION OF STIRRING ARE CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE NET AS TO THE  TYPE OF GREASE BEEN PRODUCED..

THE MORE THE STIRRING,THE LOWER THE VISCOSITY..

EXAMPLES OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT IN THE BRAKING DOWN OF CRUDE OIL ARE
NATURAL GAS MAINLY METHANE AND ETHANE
LIQUEIFIED PETROLEUM GAS
GASOLINE
WHITE SPIRIT
GAS OIL
DIESEL OIL
FUEL OIL
LUBRICATING OIL
KEROSENE
BASE OIL..

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VITAMINS

Having heard that vitamins protects the body from disease..some people have now cultivated the habit of taking more of it than carbohydrates and fats..it is not suppose to be so...i tell you people who do this are liable to diseases than someone who doesnt take vitamins at all...

vitamins are co enzymes,they are meant to supplement the food we eat and not to be taken as a whole meal,they do not give the body energy but act as helpers in the extraction of energy..

vitamins are vital for the body,a little of it causes deficiency,too much also may be toxic...

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THE USEFULNESS OF EXERCISE.:

Exercise benefits every part of the body,including the mind.

Exercising causes the body to produce endorphins, chemicals that can help a person to feel more peaceful and happy.

Exercise can help some people sleep better.

It can also help some people who have mild depression and low self-esteem.

... Exercise can give people a real sense of accomplishment and pride at having achieved a certain goal..

Exercising can help you look better.People who exercise burn more calories and look more toned than those who don't. In fact,exercise is one of the most important parts of keeping your body at a healthy weight.

Exercise helps people lose weight and lower the risk of some diseases.Exercising helps to maintain a healthy weight decreases a person's risk of developing certain diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. These diseases, which are usually found mostly in adults, are becoming more common in teens

.Exercise can help a person age well. This may not seem important now, but your body will thank you later. Women are especially prone to a condition called osteoporosis (a weakening of the bones) as they get older.
Studies have found that weight-bearing exercise, like jumping, running or brisk walking, can help girls (and guys!) keep their bones strong.
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ELECTRO-POLLUTION

You've heard about so many pollutions on earth like AIR,WATER,SEA,LAND and others but have you ever heard of ELECTRO-POLLUTION.

The biggest health threat to the US is electropollution. The explosion of iPhones, Blackberries, WiFi, WiMax, video game consoles and even remote-control toys has fundamentally changed our electrical environment. You can’t see it, you can’t taste it, you can’t touch it; but the air all around us is increasingly filled with electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that is penetrating our bodies and disrupting our body system – perhaps forever.
Every moment of every day, invisible fields of electrons are striking our bodies like tiny darts,triggering dozens of bio-chemical reactions, which undermine our health and stealthily lay the groundwork for disease such as DNA damage, brain cancer, Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, children’s cancers (leukemia), immune system dysfunction, cardiac symptoms, alteration of melatonin production, inflammation and electromagnetic sensitivity..

You can slightly control the adverse effect of electro-pollution within your environment by

Not staying in front of the person pressing a remote control..

Cultivate the habit of closing your mouth when yawning and also don't open your mouth unjustly..

Beware of bluetooth when transferring things.. Don't take it closer to yourself.Air phones with bluetooth is not advisable to use to lessen the effect of this transmission..

There are so many other electro-pllutions around you which you can find out and try to tackle the problems

To confirm that Electromagnetic rays is all around,try taking your phone closer to where a speaker is connected when browsing..the sound you hear confirms it..

The effect of electro-pollution cannot be fully controlled if we still want to live in the world of technology but at least to an extent,it can be lessened..

Make a wise decision..

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HOW TO PLAN A GOOD DIET AND MAINTAIN A GOOD HEALTH AND STIMULUS-RESPONSIVE BODY SYSTEM.[FOOD CHEMISTRY]

As you all know,the energy the body needs for metabolic and physiological processes come from nutrients in food we eat and the unit of energy in this food is called calorie..
1 gram of carbohydrate = 4 kcalories
1 gram of protein = 4 kcalories
1 gram of fat = 9 kcalories ..
Alcohol contains 7 kcalories in one gram but it is NOT considered a nutrient.

Note that a calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1degree celsius and 1000 calories equals 1 Kcalories.... kcalories is the unit used in the nutritional context..The conversion factor used to convert calories to joules are numerically equal to expressions of the specific heat capacity of water in j/g or j/kg..

Adults
Women need 1,800 to 2,000 calories per day.
Men need 2,200 to 2,400 calories per day.
They may need more if they are very active.

Children
Girls aged 9 to 13 need 1,600 calories per day.
Boys aged 9 to 13 need 1,800 calories per day.
Children may need 400 more calories each day if they are moderately physically active.
Very active boys and girls(those who work more than 3 miles, or 5 kilometers, per day in addition to participating in regular daily activities) may need to consume even more..

Through metabolism the body breaks the chemical bonds between atoms of nutrients and energy is released.These Energy can be used to build new compounds, move the body or escape as heat.
With the above values of calories..you can give your own estimation on the calorise of food you consume everyday,by so doing you can watch your weight,maintain a good health and a stimulus-responsive body system.

 

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CAUSES OF ACID RAIN[CHEMISTRY OF SULPHUR]

DO YOU KNOW WHAT CAUSES ACID RAIN?

metals such as comites and mercaptans are involved in refining of crude oil..typical example of other sulphur derivatives are alkyl sulphates..
sulphur is very undesirable because of it corrosive effect on the distillation column..it also decreases the octane no of the fuel,it is associated with a lot of environmental pollutions and problems and also has bad odour..A small amount of sulphur in crude oil makes it undesirable but at the same time a little amount is necessary about 0.2---0.7
is present in lubricating oil,brake oil,engine oil,power stering oil..

thus sulphur can be discharged into the atmosphere through the car exhaust engines.the discharged sulphur is taken up by water in the atmosphere as vapour and are released to the earth during rainfall..this is what is known as ACID RAIN.. whose ultimate demerit is to cause cancer and depletion of hormone layer..

WHEN RAIN WATER IS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH ATM Carbon[iv] oxide,IT WILL FORM A SLIGHTLY ACIDIC WATER

H2O + CO2---------H2CO3

WHEN THE PH VALUE IS LESS THAN 5.6,IT IS DESCRIBED AS ACID RAIN..ACIDIC GASEOUS POLLUTANT SUCH AS Nitrogen oxide AND sulphur dioxide ARE RESPONSIBLE

2SO2 + O2--------2SO3
SO3 + H20---------H2SO4

Nitrogen dioxide FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST FIRST ABSORBS SUNLIGHT AND BREAKDOWN TO Nitric oxide AND REACTIVE OXYGEN ATOM

NO2----------NO + O

OXYGEN THEN REACTS WITH OTHER COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST [UNBURNT HYDROCARBON] AND THOSE OF ATMOSPHERE [OXYGEN AND WATER VAPOUR] TO FORM SERIES OF COMPLEX REACTION TO PRODUCE A VARIETY OF TOXIC ELEMENTS SUCH AS PEROXYACYLNITRATE.

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